Reason:

We use prior knowledge
We make assumptions/ premises we infer from past experiences
We take a premise and then apply it so that a conclusion must follow

Rationalists – those who believe reason is the ideal way to achieve knowledge
vs
Empiricists – those who believe perception is the ideal way to achieve knowledge

Truth – what is the case ie property of statements, must be public, eternal, individual

Justify – we do this using reason, perception, language, authority

Logic – something is either valid or invalid, reason uses logic

Deduction – from a general claim to a specific claim

Induction – from a specific claim to a general claim

Syllogism – takes premise one and premise two and forms a logical conclusion, Rationalists believe they preserve truth but do not create it

Premise one
All dogs are mammals

Premise two
Fido is a dog

Conclusion
Therefore Fido is a mammal

Involving three terms that occur twice, dog, mammal. Fido

Involving a quantifier, all, some

Other examples
All A’s are B’s, Some A’s are C’s, Therefore some B’s are C’s
All A’s are B’s, All B’s are C’s, Therefore all A’s are C’s
All Bobos have dogs, No doctors have dogs, Therefore no Bobos are doctors